Generated by All in One SEO v4.9.10, this is an llms.txt file, used by LLMs to index the site. # Magnet-Schultz of America Specialists in Electromagnetic Devices ## Sitemaps - [XML Sitemap](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/sitemap.xml): Contains all public & indexable URLs for this website. ## Posts - [Benefits of Local Manufacturing](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/https/magnet-schultzamericacom/benefitsoflocalmanufacturing/) - Benefits of Local Manufacturing In today’s global supply chain environment, more companies are recognizing the value of local manufacturing. From faster lead times, stronger supply chain security, and seamless communication, sourcing products made nearby offers a range of advantages for businesses and end users alike. These benefits are why the MSM Group puts - [Where Are Solenoid Valves, Hydraulic Actuator Tubes, and Coils Used in Hydraulic Applications?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/https/magnet-schultzamericacom/hydraulicapplications/) - Where Are Solenoid Valves, Hydraulic Actuator Tubes, and Coils Used in Hydraulic Applications? Hydraulic systems are the backbone of many industrial and mobile applications, delivering precise power and control through pressurized fluid. Key components like solenoid valves, hydraulic actuator tubes, and coils each play a crucial role, but they serve very different functions. Understanding - [What is the Difference Between a Solenoid Valve and a Solenoid Actuator?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/what-is-the-difference-between-a-solenoid-valve-and-a-solenoid-actuator/) - What is the Difference Between a Solenoid Valve and a Solenoid Actuator? Solenoids are widely used in automation, fluid control, HVAC, and industrial systems. Solenoid valves and solenoid actuators are both commonly used in these applications, and while they are closely related and sometimes work together, they serve different functions within a system. Understanding - [Differences in 2-way, 3-way, and 4-way solenoid valves](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/differences-in-2-way-3-way-and-4-way-solenoid-valves/) - What Is a Solenoid Valve? A solenoid valve is an electrically controlled valve that uses a magnetic coil to open or close internal ports. The term “way” refers to the number of ports the valve has, which determines how fluid or air is routed through the system. 2‑Way Solenoid Valves: Basic Flow Control - [Why Solenoids? Part 3 - Holding](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/https/magnet-schultzamericacom/why-solenoids-part-3-holding/) - Why Solenoids? Part 3 – Holding Just like in parts 1 and 2, we will explore the value and utility of solenoids, but in part 3, we will focus on when solenoids are used to hold things in place. Solenoids are commonly utilized in applications where a strong, controlled holding force is required. They - [Why Solenoids? Part 2 - Movement](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/whysolenoidspart2/) - Why Solenoids? Part 2 – Movement Just like in part 1, we will dive into the value and utility of solenoids, but in part 2, we will focus on when solenoids are used to move things. Solenoids are commonly used to move things by converting electrical energy into linear mechanical motion. The process involves - [Why Solenoids? Part 1 - Locking](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/whysolenoidspart1/) - Why Solenoids? Part 1 – Locking In the world of modern technology, locking mechanisms play a crucial role in many aspects of our lives including security, healthcare, and transportation, just to name a few. Whether it’s a smart lock on your front door or the locking system in a high-security safe, the components that - [Places You Had No Idea You Were Interacting with a Solenoid](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/places-you-had-no-idea-you-were-interacting-with-a-solenoid/) - The Hidden Versatility of Solenoids: Everyday Applications You Might Not Realize When we think about the technology that powers our daily lives, certain devices often come to mind: smartphones, computers, and kitchen appliances. Yet, lurking behind the scenes of many of these gadgets is a humble yet powerful component: the solenoid. These electromechanical devices are - [Latching Solenoids - Part 1](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/magnetic-latching-solenoids-part-1/) - At Magnet-Schultz of America, we specialize in designing various types of electromagnetic solutions for our customers’ unique applications. One of the types of products we design and produce is what is known as a Magnetic Latching Solenoid. At Magnet-Schultz of America, however, we make a distinction between Magnetic Latching Solenoids and other Magnetic Latching Mechanisms. - [Team Development](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/team-development/) - Magnet-Schultz of America is on a tireless journey to be enduringly great and thus continuing the great legacy of the Magnet-Schultz family which has been passed down to us since its inception in 1912. In the past year, we have made significant investments in new machining equipment technology to increase our capacity thereby allowing us - [New Equipment Advances At Magnet-Schultz Of America - Part 2](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/new-equipment-advances-at-magnet-schultz-of-america/) - As MSA continues experiencing growth, the availability of our manufacturing floor space has become a challenge to navigate through. Recently, MSA installed new storage technology that allows us to maximize our manufacturing floor space while simultaneously maximizing our storage capacity in a compact footprint to make better use of our stock room. This new storage machine - [New Equipment Advances At Magnet-Schultz Of America!](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/2023-msa-equipment-advances/) - Magnet-Schultz of America (MSA) is preparing to expand its manufacturing capabilities like never before through a partnership with Winema Transfer Machines, a German-based equipment manufacturer. MSA is leading the way to bring the first machine of its kind to the United States later this summer. The machine will come directly from Grosselfingen, Germany where the - [Effects of Side Load on a Solenoid](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/effects_of_side_load_on_a_solenoid/) - Welcome back to the MSA blog! In this post, we will take a look at how side load can affect solenoids. Magnet-Schultz’s Program Management Checklist allows us to play cards up with our customers at the start of each new project so that our Program Management, Design, Manufacturing Engineering, and Operations/Production teams can fully understand - [Temperature Impacts on Solenoids - Part 2](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/temperature-impacts-on-solenoids-part-2/) - Temperature Impacts on Solenoids – Part 2 In our last blog, we learned about the different ways temperature impacts the design of a solenoid and the importance of understanding requirements up front to ensure our customers have success and achieve optimal performance within the dimensional and technical requirements of their applications. Solenoids do work. Therefore, - [Temperature Impacts on Solenoids - Part 1](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/temperature-impacts-on-solenoids-part-1/) - Temperature Impacts on Solenoids – Part 1 Have you ever experienced the frustration of trying to use an overheated cell phone? Perhaps it wasn’t your cell phone, but rather an overheated car engine that delayed your morning commute to the office. Though these items may not have completely stopped working altogether, your ability to use - [MSA's COVID-19 Response & Updates](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/msas-covid-19-response-updates/) - MSA’s COVID-19 Response & Updates The outbreak of the coronavirus (COVID-19) global pandemic has disrupted and changed life as we know it. Although we continue to hope for the best, it’s evident that new protocols and safety measures must be put into effect for the health and safety of our team members, our families, our - [We Have a New Website!](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/we-have-a-new-website/) - We Have a New Website! Magnet-Schultz of America (MSA) is pleased to announce the launch of our new website! This effort began as part of MSA’s Better, Quicker, Thriftier (BQT) initiative, now officially one of the 14 rules we live by known as The MSA Way. The new website brings web development in-house for the - [Customer Partnership: A Perspective](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/customer-partnership-a-perspective/) - Customer partnership is defined as the building of a relationship in all departments between the Supplier and the Customer—a relationship that is based upon “known details” benefiting both parties, now and for years to come. From a Sales/Ordering perspective, the “known details” can range from payment terms to delivery lead time, to order quantity, to - [6 Basic Steps in Defining What Solenoid Best Suits Your Application](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/6-basic-steps-in-defining-what-solenoid-best-suits-your-application/) - Solenoids are used in a wide range of applications from locking doors to shifting the transmission on a motorcycle. Unfortunately there is no “one size fits all” approach to choosing a solenoid, or other eletro-magnetic product. However, there are several basic steps to follow when selecting the right solenoid for the application. Some may consider - [Installation and Mounting of Solenoids](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/installation-and-mounting-of-solenoids/) - When designing a mechanical assembly, which incorporates a solenoid, one can avoid mounting pitfalls by exploring the unique advantages and disadvantages of the various installation approaches. 1. Installations where mounting screws are the optimal mounting option: Many C-Frame and D-Frame solenoids can utilize mounting screws that sink directly into the solenoid’s frame. Because the solenoid coil - [Extreme Environment Solenoids: The DURO-TECH® Story](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/extreme-environment-solenoids-the-duro-tech-story/) - Often, prospective solenoid users innocently expect standard solenoids to perform a function for which they were never intended. For example, Magnet Schultz of America (MSA) received a request for a solenoid to lock the steering mechanism on a military vehicle. The customer had tested one of our standard solenoids, which they secured from a distributor, - [DURO-TECH® Solenoids—designed for extreme application performance](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/duro-tech-solenoids-designed-for-extreme-application-performance/) - Water, dirt, dust, mud, high shock and vibration are all the nemesis of “standard” solenoids when they are asked to perform over a broad range of environmental conditions. Extreme applications can include: Off-road vehicles High dust factory and material handling environments Agricultural machinery and irrigation systems Marine and food service equipment DURO-TECH® (D-T) solenoids from - [Permanent-Magnet/Electro-Magnetic Linear Actuators](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/permanent-magnet-electro-magnetic-linear-actuators/) - Magnetic-latching functionality is employed in products we come across everyday, even though the mechanism by which this technology functions isn’t something most people think about. Being an engineer, I always feel the need to research and understand how things work. Because I’m also a bit of a professor at heart, I would like to share - [Magnetic Latching Mechanisms](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/magnetic-latching-mechanisms/) - Magnetic Latching mechanisms fall into one of three distinct categories relative to how they are operated, the electrical energy needed to operate them, and the release force, which their return spring mechanism can generate. CATEGORY ONE: Permanent-Magnet/Electro-Magnetic Linear Actuators (also known as Magnetic-Latching Solenoids or MLS) A more complete discussion of the differences between Conventional - [A Conversation About Our Collaborative Innovation Business Process](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/a-conversation-about-our-collaborative-innovation-business-process/) - Magnet-Schultz of America (MSA)—Specialists in Electromagnetic Devices At MSA you’ll be invited to interact, to get involved, to join a conversation. We’re process-oriented. We break down communication barriers to create a more open framework for new levels of product innovation and manufacturing agility. Collaborative Innovation is how we turn MSA knowledge into customer value. But - [Defining Frozen Design for Electromagnetic Device Manufacturing](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/defining-frozen-design-for-electromagnetic-device-manufacturing/) - Magnet Schultz of America (MSA) Explains Frozen Design Terms and Conditions Lately, there has been a great deal of discussion defining Frozen Design and Frozen Process requirements. Terms and conditions on customer purchase orders are beginning to state that one, or both ”Frozen” scenarios must be part of the purchase agreement. The trouble is, these - [Defining Frozen Process for Electromagnetic Design and Manufacturing](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/defining-frozen-process-for-electromagnetic-design-and-manufacturing/) - Magnet-Schultz of America (MSA) Gives Clarity to Frozen Process Terms and Conditions Lately, there has been a great deal of discussion concerning Frozen Design and Frozen Process requirements. Terms and conditions on customer purchase orders are beginning to state that one, or both Frozen scenarios must be part of the purchase agreement. The trouble is, - [Electromechanical Voice Coil Solenoids and Actuators](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/electromechanical-voice-coil-solenoids-and-actuators/) - Magnet-Schultz of America (MSA) defines and clarifies key characteristics, working functionality and benefits of Voice Coil linear actuators (also known as Lorentz Force Actuators). OVERVIEW A Voice Coil is a type of solenoid linear actuator within which an electrical coil and a permanent magnet interact to create high speed, precisely controlled linear motion. The term - [Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) Basics](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/failure-modes-and-effects-analysis-fmea-basics/) - Magnet-Schultz of America (MSA) decodes FMEA—identifying the most common types, answering frequently asked questions, defining the process and sharing the benefits. Exactly what is an FMEA, and why is it necessary to invest the time in developing one? FMEA is the abbreviation for: Failure Modes and Effects Analysis As the name suggests, an FMEA is - [Linear Motor: A Single Coil, Bi-Directional, Electrohydraulic Valve Actuator](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/linear-motor-a-single-coil-bi-directional-electrohydraulic-valve-actuator/) - PART ONE: LINEAR MOTOR THREE PART SERIES Magnet-Schultz of America (MSA) reviews the concept, genesis of development, background and physical characteristics of a Linear Motor. Edited by David Stockwell; Technical information provided by Dr. Jonathan Gamble & Kevin Code INTRODUCTION In the “old days,” hydraulic valves were manually operated. In the hands of highly skilled - [Linear Motor Series, Part Two: Design & Manufacturing Techniques](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/linear-motor-series-part-two-design-manufacturing-techniques/) - LINEAR MOTOR SERIES: PART TWO Magnet-Schultz of America (MSA) reveals the design and manufacturing techniques, performance, and functional characteristics of a Linear Motor. Edited by David Stockwell; Technical information provided by Dr. Jonathan Gamble & Kevin Code DESIGN & MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES 1. External Appearance: The Linear Motor (LM) assembly looks just like a conventional unidirectional - [Power Control Modules for Electronic Actuators Series, Part One: Basics of Solenoid Operation Demonstrating the Need for Improved Power Control](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/power-control-modules-for-electronic-actuators-series-part-one-basics-of-solenoid-operation-demonstrating-the-need-for-improved-power-control/) - POWER CONTROL MODULES FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC ACTUATORS: PART ONE Edited by David Stockwell; Technical information provided by Roland Mueller & Simon Benik Magnet-Schultz of America (MSA) discuses how to achieve smaller, higher performing, more energy efficient solenoids, and avoid heat issues by utilizing electronic power control techniques, such as Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). Driving electromagnetic actuators - [Power Control Modules for Electronic Actuators Series, Part Three: Fundamentals of Pulse Width Modulation](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/power-control-modules-for-electronic-actuators-series-part-three-fundamentals-of-pulse-width-modulation/) - POWER CONTROL MODULES FOR ELECRONIC ACTUATORS SERIES, PART THREE Edited by David Stockwell; Technical information provided by Roland Mueller & Simon Benik Fundamentals of Pulse Width Modulation Exploring the effects of INDUCTANCE, FREQUENCY AND INPUT CURRENT RIPPLE relating to On-Off Electromagnetic Devices. Pulse Width Modulation, Theory of Operation, Effects of INDUCTANCE, FREQUENCY & INPUT CURRENT - [Haz-Loc® Certification](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/haz-loc-certification/) - MAGNET-SCHULTZ OF AMERICA INTRODUCES Hazardous-Location and Explosion Proof Electro-Hydraulic Solenoid Coils with Worldwide Approvals June 28, 2016 – Westmont, IL — Magnet-Schultz of America, Inc. (MSA), a leading innovator and manufacturer of solenoids, electromagnetic devices, and value added assemblies, introduces a family of electro-hydraulic coils which are certified for worldwide use in hazardous locations (gas and - [Ball-Detent Solenoids: Locking Devices Simplified](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/ball-detent-solenoids-locking-devices-simplified/) - The Challenge: Engineers often desire a device which can provide an electrically actuated, high-force locking function. Quickly, they run into challenges finding a locking solenoid that will provide the force needed, in a reasonable size, as well as one which can operate within the constraints of their system’s power supply. They also face many challenges - [Developing a Preliminary Specification for Solenoids and Electromagnetic Devices](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/developing-a-preliminary-specification-for-solenoids-and-electromagnetic-devices/) - Developing a Preliminary Specification for Solenoids and Electromagnetic Devices When System Design Engineers are tasked with incorporating an electromagnetic device (i.e. a solenoid, electromagnet, voice coil, etc.) into a new product, it would be useful if they could readily access design “guidelines” that would help them to identify, quantify and then communicate the performance characteristics - [Part Two: High Security, Robust Locking Applications, Ball-Detent Locking Solenoids (Patent Application No. 14592511)](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/part-two-high-security-robust-locking-applications-ball-detent-locking-solenoids-patent-application-no-14592511/) - HIGH SECURITY, ROBUST LOCKING APPLICATIONS, BALL-DETENT LOCKING SOLENOIDS: PART TWO Edited by David Stockwell; Technical information provided by Roland Mueller & Simon Benik BLOG 1 of this two-part series discussed the need for, and desired characteristics of a robust locking device, capable of providing a high hold force in a small package. It then went - [Part One: High Security, Robust Locking Applications, Ball-Detent Locking Solenoids (Patent Application No. 14592511)](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/part-one-high-security-robust-locking-applications-ball-detent-locking-solenoids-patent-application-no-14592511/) - HIGH SECURITY, ROBUST LOCKING APPLICATIONS, BALL-DETENT LOCKING SOLENOIDS: PART ONE Edited by David Stockwell; Technical information provided by Roland Mueller & Simon Benik The need often arises to find a device that can securely lock the door to a room, the door or drawers of a cabinet, or even to securely hold independent sections of - [Power Control Modules for Electronic Actuators Series, Part Two: Fundamentals of Pulse Width Modulation, Including Effects of DUTY CYCLE and INDUCTANCE Relating to On-Off Electromagnetic Devices](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/power-control-modules-for-electronic-actuators-series-part-two-fundamentals-of-pulse-width-modulation-including-effects-of-duty-cycle-and-inductance-relating-to-on-off-electromagnetic-devices/) - POWER CONTROL MODULES FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC ACTUATORS: PART TWO Edited by David Stockwell; Technical information provided by Roland Mueller & Simon Benik Fundamentals of Pulse Width Modulation, including effects of DUTY CYCLE and INDUCTANCE relating to On-Off Electromagnetic Devices. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a fully electronic power control circuit which, when applied to electromagnetic actuators, - [MSA's Capabilities Expand with the Benefit of Precision Automated Equipment](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/msas-capabilities-expand-with-the-benefit-of-precision-automated-equipment/) - Magnet-Schultz of America, Inc. is happy to announce that we have added precision automated equipment that will drastically increase winding, welding, assembly, and testing capabilities. These additions have been selected to complement MSA's technical proficiencies and increase capacity while maintaining the highest expectations for quality. Delivering quality products is our priority, and cutting edge manufacturing - [Solenoid 101: What is a Solenoid?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/solenoid-101-what-is-a-solenoid/) - Magnet-Schultz of America’s new Solenoid 101 series of blogs is designed to inform about the basic functions of solenoid products. We will start by tackling the fundamentals of solenoid terminology, function, and design. Future posts in the series will describe other MSA product categories and applications in a similar fashion, providing a quick and easy - [What is an Electromagnet?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/what-is-an-electromagnet/) - Magnet-Schultz of America’s new Solenoid 101 series of blogs is designed to inform about the basic functions of solenoid products. We will start by tackling the fundamentals of solenoid terminology, function, and design. Future posts in the series will describe other MSA product categories and applications in a similar fashion, providing a quick and easy - [Duty Cycles Explained](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/duty-cycles-explained/) - Magnet-Schultz of America’s new Solenoid 101 series of blogs is designed to inform about the basic functions of solenoid products. We will start by tackling the fundamentals of solenoid terminology, function, and design. Future posts in the series will describe other MSA product categories and applications in a similar fashion, providing a quick and easy - [How To Make A Solenoid Push](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/how-to-make-a-solenoid-push/) - The latest entry in the Magnet-Schultz of America Solenoid 101 blog series is designed to illustrate the differences between push and pull solenoids. This blog builds on our general overview of solenoid principles and applications, which can be found here. Check our blog history for information on more technical concepts and feel free to make - [What is a Voice Coil?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/what-is-a-voice-coil/) - The latest entry in the Magnet-Schultz of America Solenoid 101 blog explains the basic concept and function of voice coils. This blog builds on our general overview of solenoid principles and applications, which can be found HERE. Check our blog history for information on more technical concepts and feel free to make suggestions for future - [What are Latching Solenoids?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/what-are-latching-solenoids/) - The latest entry in the Magnet-Schultz of America Solenoid 101 blog discusses how permanent magnets can be used to accomplish latching functions in solenoids. A more detailed analysis of these types of mechanisms has been previously published by MSA here. This recap will reduce the content to the simplest terms for a quick and clear - [What is Pulse Width Modulation?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/what-is-pulse-width-modulation/) - The latest entry in the Magnet-Schultz of America Solenoid 101 blog discusses how pulse width modulation can be used to increase the power efficiency of solenoids and other devices. A more detailed analysis of these types of mechanisms has been previously published by MSA here. This recap will reduce the content to the simplest terms - [What are Hydraulic Solenoids?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/what-are-hydraulic-solenoids/) - The latest entry in the Magnet-Schultz of America Solenoid 101 blog explains the basic concepts behind hydraulic solenoids. This primer will reduce the content to the simplest terms for a quick and clear understanding of the fundamental concepts. Check our blog history for information on more technical subjects and feel free to make suggestions for - [What is the difference between On/Off and Proportional Hydraulic Solenoids?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/what-is-the-difference-between-on-off-and-proportional-hydraulic-solenoids/) - The latest entry in the Magnet-Schultz of America Solenoid 101 blog explains the basic types of hydraulic solenoid functionality. A more detailed analysis of these types of mechanisms has been previously published by MSA here. This recap will reduce the content to the simplest terms for a quick and clear understanding of the fundamental concepts. - [Hydraulic Solenoid Design Features](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/hydraulic-solenoid-design-features/) - In pt. 1 of our hydraulic solenoids post, we described how they differ from electromechanical solenoids and discussed some basic applications. We also had a follow-up blog post that described the two major functional categories of hydraulic solenoids, on/off and proportional. This post will expand on the different design and manufacturing features of tubes and - [New Representation: Hill & Company](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/new-representation-hill-company/) - New Representation: Hill & Company Magnet-Schultz of America is excited to announce our partnership with Hill & Company, a manufacturer’s representative firm that will call on MSA accounts in the territory of Southern Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa. Hill & Company has been committed to offering outstanding service to its customer base before and - [Product Video: Hydraulic Solenoids](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/product-video-hydraulic-solenoids/) - Hydraulic Solenoids Product Showcase Magnet-Schultz of America engineers advanced hydraulic tube and coil solutions for the most demanding applications. Whether improving an existing design or developming a completely custom product, our skilled engineering team and advanced manufacturing processes allow us to deliver greater value to our customers. Our latest product showcase video highlights our abilities - [MSA Expands Machining Capabilities With Equipment Addition](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/msa-expands-machining-capabilities-with-equipment-addition/) - Magnet-Schultz of America has added new machinery that increases our technical capabilities and output, allowing us to exceed quality expecations while simultaneously improving our lead times. The addition of this new 5 spindle Swiss style CNC lathe provides us with additional capacity in the manufacturing of the highly complex components required to deliver the highest - [MSA Adds Automated Staking Assembly](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/msa-adds-automated-staking-assembly/) - Magnet-Schultz of America has added new staking process automation that will allow us to achieve even greater process control while improving production capacity and PPM levels. The automation system has been developed and implemented in conjunction with Magnet-Schultz Memmingen, and represents an increasing exchange of ideas and capabilities that will bring benefits to customers in - [How Solenoid Modifications Improve Performance](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/how-solenoid-modifications-improve-performance/) - Common Solenoid Modifications While Magnet-Schultz of America has a comprehensive range of reference solenoid products, the greatest value we have to offer our customers are modified or entirely custom solenoids and actuators. Many engineers or purchasing agents contact us knowing what type of function and performance they need in a solenoid but they may not - [Holding Electromagnet Usage and Mounting Guide](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/holding-electromagnet-usage-and-mounting-guide/) - Electromagnets are a versatile option for holding and lifting applications, but proper mounting and operation is necessary to get the most out of these devices. The steps below outline the best practices and common mistakes encountered when implementing electromagnets. Follow these basic steps to increase your application’s efficiency, and check out our previous blog post - [MSA's Quality Analysis Capabilities Increase](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/msas-quality-analysis-capabilities-increase/) - Magnet-Schultz of America has added new machinery that increases our abilities in quality and manufacturing analysis. The addition of a new cross-cut machine, grinding machine, and upgraded microscopes allows MSA to perform even more comprehensive inspections. By setting parts in epoxy, MSA can effectively freeze all components in place and then take a complete and - [How to Choose a Solenoid](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/how-to-choose-a-solenoid/) - Choosing a solenoid can be overwhelming. The sheer number of parts offered makes it difficult to identify all of the possibilities, and comparing specification sheets and force curves is time consuming. You can always send your requirements to us and we can identify a best fit for you, but some prefer to explore their options - [Solenoid Valve Types](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/solenoid-valve-types/) - The latest entry in the Magnet-Schultz of America Solenoid 101 blog series is designed to explain the basic differences between common solenoid valve designs. This blog builds on our general overview of solenoid principles. Check our blog history for information on more technical concepts and feel free to make suggestions for future posts. Solenoid Valve - [MSA in Crain's Top 100 Chicago Patent Winners](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/msa-in-crains-top-100-chicago-patent-winners/) - Crains’ Most Innovative Companies – MSA makes Crain’s Top 100 patent list Magnet-Schultz of America has made an appearance in Crain’s Chicago Business for being one of the top 100 Illinois companies for number of patents awarded in 2016. Our continued development of the ball detent product and advances in voice coils and LVDT technology have - [New Magnet-Schultz of America Company Overview Video](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/new-magnet-schultz-of-america-company-overview-video/) - Magnet-Schultz of America has posted a new company overview video highlighting our role as a leader in the electromagnetic actuator market. You can check out the video below or at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYBB4Ib-Q0Q. - [MSA Stewardship Makes Its First Contribution](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/msa-stewardship-makes-its-first-contribution/) - MSA Stewardship Makes Its First Contribution Westmont, IL November 3, 2017 – Magnet-Schultz of America officially announces the names of the eight organizations that will be the recipients of a $250 donation as part of MSA’s new initiative, MSA Stewardship. On September 8, 2017, MSA employees were asked to share what their passions and interests - [Solenoid Troubleshooting](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/solenoid-troubleshooting/) - While Magnet-Schultz of America designs solenoids to perform above and beyond the expectations of its customers, there are constraints to the capabilities of any given design. Environmental factors, power supply errors, and general lifecycle wear can all lead to solenoid failures. This guide outlines some of the common failure modes, and should assist in the - [Ingression Protection for Solenoids](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/ingression-protection-for-solenoids/) - Ingression protection is a commonly requested solenoid feature. As dirt, dust, moisture, and other foreign objects accumulate in a solenoid, the performance and life cycle are dramatically reduced. There are several methods to combat ingression, but before choosing the correct solution it is important to understand the degrees of protection available. International Protection (or IP) ## Pages - [Home](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/) - Do You Have A Unique Application In the Works? Let’s Develop A Custom Solenoid Solution Together! Contact UsSpecialists In Electromagnetic Devices MSA’s design engineering and manufacturing teams work together to develop and produce custom electromechanical and electrohydraulic devices, including solenoid actuated valves, pneumatic valves, hydraulic tubes and coils, voice coils, and also electronic locks and - [Sales and Distribution](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/why-msa/sales-and-distribution/) - MSA’s Network of Sales and DistributionWherever you are located, and whatever advice you may need—when you contact Magnet-Schultz of America you will be speaking with qualified, service-oriented associates. Our common goal is to maximize the performance of your product, while increasing the business results for each and every organization with whom we work. Feel free - [Careers and Culture](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/why-msa/careers-and-culture/) - What Makes Us SpecialMagnet-Schultz of America has over 140 team members all jointly focused on the creation of the highest quality electromagnetic devices. A shared enthusiasm for continuous improvement and the desire to better serve our customers make MSA an organization that fosters sustainable growth. MSA strives to accomplish its business goals through the structured - [Certifications and Policies](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/why-msa/certifications-and-policies/) - Our Quality Management SystemMagnet-Schultz of America will: Supply our customers with products and services that meet or exceed the applicable requirements, Design products which fully embrace the importance of the environment and global sustainability, Support a workplace culture which fosters cooperation, quality, productivity, and safety, Employ MSA’s Quality Management System to continuously improve product quality, - [Electromechanical](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/products/electromechanical/) - Electromechanical ProductsMagnet-Schultz of America (MSA) is a leading manufacturer of standard and totally customized Solenoids, Electromagnetic and Electromechanical devices. Our advanced engineering, innovative design and advanced manufacturing capabilities provide our customers with uniquely tailored products and custom solutions that simply outperform the competition. Standard SolenoidsMSA offers many different reference designs involving C-Frame, D-Frame and Tubular - [Blog](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/blog/) - Benefits of Local Manufacturing Gallery Benefits of Local Manufacturing Choosing a Solenoid, Custom Solenoid, hydraulic tubes, hydraulics, Locking Mechanisms, Specialty Solenoids Benefits of Local Manufacturing Benefits of Local Manufacturing In today’s global supply chain environment, more companies are recognizing the value of local manufacturing. From faster lead times, stronger supply chain security, and - [Why MSA](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/why-msa/) - Engineering Ingenuity & Manufacturing ExcellenceOur Mission To turn MSA’s knowledge into customer value through collaborative innovation. What is Collaborative Innovation? An Approach Great ideas are conceived through collective mindshare. By working as a team, we elicit critical information to meet your projects desired commercial and technical requirements. A Process Working together, individuals can overcome challenging - [Library](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/library/) - Resource LibraryMagnet-Schultz believes in the power of shared information. Our product brochures and information data/specification sheets can be downloaded for easy reference. If you have a deeper interest in the operating principles of the devices we manufacture and how to use them to your greatest advantage, you may also be interested in checking our regularly - [Electrohydraulic](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/products/electrohydraulic/) - Electrohydraulic ProductsIn the rapidly changing world of hydraulics, Magnet Schultz of America (MSA) utilizes its marketplace knowledge and proven engineering and manufacturing expertise to provide full-service Hydraulic Actuators for both mobile and industrial applications. Our various reference designs can be tailored to precisely meet your system’s performance requirements. Hydraulic Solenoid Actuators (Tubes, Coils and Assemblies)MSA - [Products](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/products/) - Products & Solutions DeliveredWhether we’re modifying one of our many reference designs, or overcoming unique challenges that require fully custom solutions, MSA’s collaborative team approach plays an integral role in every customer relationship and project. Combining years of engineering experience in both magnetics and mechanical design, we provide cost-effective solutions that precisely meet the technical - [Capabilities](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/why-msa/capabilities/) - World Class EngineeringMagnet-Schultz of America has an experienced team of project engineers, with more than 100 combined years of solenoid, electromagnetic, electrohydraulic, and mechanical engineering design experience. In addition to their solenoid and electromagnetic design background, our engineers have extensive industry experience which includes the design of pneumatic and hydraulic valves, automotive and appliance components, locking and security systems, transformers, electrical - [Distribution](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/products/distribution/) - Looking for a starting point on a new project?If you’re thinking about incorporating a solenoid into a new application or project, we can help! MSA has partnered with McMaster-Carr®, our distributor, to help stock various reference designs which are readily available for purchase. This keeps your projects moving by allowing you to quickly procure parts - [History](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/why-msa/history/) - Our Past, Present, and FutureMagnet-Schultz of America, Inc. (MSA) has been in business in the Chicago area since 1955. Known originally as Regdon Solenoid, the company was acquired in 1987 by Magnet-Schultz Memmingen (MSM) in Germany. MSM has been in business since 1912, and with more than 2,700 global team members, MSM is the world’s largest - [MSA Stewardship](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/why-msa/careers-and-culture/msa-stewardship/) - Making A DifferenceWe at MSA have a responsibility to steward, or care for, the knowledge, property, products, and business obtained throughout the history of the Magnet-Schultz Group for the continued prosperity of our people, our community, and our customers. MSA Stewardship encourages team members to get involved in various activities throughout the year where they - [Glossary](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/glossary/) - GlossaryAllABCDEFHILMNOPRSTUVWACMagnet-Schultz of America2017-10-30T21:23:49-05:00ACAlternating current (AC) is an electric current that repeatedly changes its direction or strength, usually at a certain frequency or range of frequencies (50 or 60 Hertz). ActuatorMagnet-Schultz of America2017-10-30T21:25:14-05:00ActuatorA mechanical, electrical, or hydraulic device, or their combination, used to effect some predetermined linear, rotary, or oscillating movement. An actuator essentially converts hydraulic - [FAQ](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/faq/) - FAQCan MSA provide solenoids with specific electrical connections?Magnet-Schultz of America2017-12-27T23:09:45-06:00Can MSA provide solenoids with specific electrical connections?MSA reference designs are supplied with either lead-wires or quick-connect terminals. Specific electrical connections can be provided for your application. Are your solenoids available through a distributor?Magnet-Schultz of America2017-12-27T23:20:15-06:00Are your solenoids available through a distributor?Yes. One can purchase selected - [Resources](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/resources/) - Resources for Continued LearningEvery industry has it’s own technical language. Whenever possible, our team attempts to bridge the jargon gap and maintain open, clear communication. Coupling the resources below with a fluid exchange of information and ideas maximizes the value MSA can bring to each customer application and increases the potential for progress. The information - [Magnet-Schultz Group](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/products/magnet-schultz-group/) - Magnet-Schultz Memmingen (MSM) – GermanyMagnet-Schultz of America is the sole U.S. distributor for our parent company MSM, located in Memmingen, Germany. We are also available to provide technical advice regarding their manufactured products. Please follow the link below to view their website and learn more. Magnet-Schultz Memmingen – Germany (HQ)Magnet-Schultz PrefagMagnet-Schultz United KingdomW.E. Schultz (SM) - [Reference Designs](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/reference-designs/) - [Success Stories](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/industries/success-stories/) - High-force, Long-stroke, Magnetic Latching Solenoid A customer contacted MSA describing an urgent need to replace a gear-motor locking mechanism on a new project which was to begin production in three months. To ensure success, the first design iteration required a highly collaborative engineering effort. This approach enabled MSA to take the project from concept to - [Industries](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/industries/) - Markets Served and Solutions DeliveredMagnet Schultz of America brings engineering expertise and market insight to each new relationship established. Understanding your needs and delivering a competitive solution that adds value for your customers is our primary mission. Explore several of our real-world applications to see how we’ve helped leading national and international clients in a - [Contact](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/contact/) - First Name*Last Name*Company*Country*State or Province*Email* PhoneReason for InquirySelect OneI need a quotationI want more information on a specific MSA productI am interested in selling my business to MSA and want to be contactedOtherComments and Requirements* I would like to attach drawings or photos (jpg, png, pdf). Drop files here or Accepted file types: jpg, png, - [Error](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/reference-designs/error/) - We suggest that you start your search again back here at our Reference Designs home page. You may also use the back button in your web browser to try again! - [Privacy Policy](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/privacy-policy/) - This Internet Web site is owned and controlled by Magnet-Schultz of America. 401 Plaza Drive Westmont, IL 60559-1233. 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One can purchase selected reference designs of MSA's electromagnetic product line through McMaster Carr. - [How do I determine what duty cycle is needed for my application?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/how-do-i-determine-what-duty-cycle-is-needed-for-my-application/) - Duty cycles are calculated as a percentage of “on time” vs. the “off time”. A typical calculation is as follows: [(30 seconds on) /(30 seconds on + 90 seconds off)] x 100% = 25% Duty Cycle Continuous Duty is typically defined as 100% duty cycle Intermittant Duty is typically defined as 25% duty cycle for - [Where does MSA have local sales representation?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/where-does-msa-have-local-sales-representation/) - MSA manufacturers representatives can be found under Sales & Distribution within the Why MSA section. If a representative is not listed in your area, please feel free to contact MSA directly. - [What is the life-cycle rating of MSA solenoids?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/what-is-the-life-cycle-rating-of-msa-solenoids/) - Life-cycle rating depends on many factors which are determined by the application. Under conditions involving simple linear motion, MSA’s electromagnetic style solenoids typically provide in excess of one million actuations. Higher life-cycle requirements can also be met with well-established design enhancements, and effective system design. - [Are MSA solenoids rated for outdoor use?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/are-msa-solenoids-rated-for-outdoor-use/) - The typical MSA electromagnetic solenoid product line is not rated for outdoor use. MSA often designs customized solenoids which can be used outdoors. - [Does MSA offer AC solenoids?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/does-msa-offer-ac-solenoids/) - Yes. MSA can convert our more typical DC style solenoids into AC solenoids by redesigning the coil. In some cases, a bridge rectifier can also be added to the coil. - [Are your solenoids available with a return spring?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/are-your-solenoids-available-with-a-return-spring/) - Yes. MSA can incorporate a return spring into the solenoid to meet customer specifications. - [How does one reverse the direction of the solenoid plunger?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/how-does-one-reverse-the-direction-of-the-solenoid-plunger/) - Either gravity, or some sort of spring mechanism is needed to return the plunger to its original position after voltage is removed from the coil. MSA typically incorporates a return spring into the solenoid to meet customer specifications. - [Does reversing polarity of a solenoid reverse plunger movement?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/does-reversing-polarity-of-a-solenoid-reverse-plunger-movement/) - Solenoids only operate in one direction. When the solenoid coil is energized, a fixed internal component (called the stop) becomes magnetized, thereby attracting a moving component (called the plunger). This magnetic attraction creates a pulling motion, moving the plunger toward the stop. Reversing either the current or the polarity of a solenoid does not reverse - [Does reversing the current of a solenoid reverse the direction in which it moves?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/does-reversing-the-current-of-a-solenoid-reverse-the-direction-in-which-it-moves/) - Solenoids only operate in one direction. When the solenoid coil is energized, a fixed internal component (called the stop) becomes magnetized, thereby attracting a moving component (called the plunger). This magnetic attraction creates a pulling motion, moving the plunger toward the stop. Reversing either the current or the polarity of a solenoid does not reverse - [Can solenoids operate in two directions, i.e. both push and pull?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/can-solenoids-operate-in-two-directions-i-e-both-push-and-pull/) - Solenoids only operate in one direction. When the solenoid coil is energized, a fixed internal component (called the stop) becomes magnetized, thereby attracting a moving component (called the plunger). This magnetic attraction creates a pulling motion, moving the plunger toward the stop. Reversing either the current or the polarity of a solenoid does not reverse - [Are solenoids polarity sensitive?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/are-solenoids-polarity-sensitive/) - DC voltage solenoids are not polarity sensitive. Other Magnet-Schultz products, such as magnetic latching products, are polarity sensitive. - [Does MSA rewire/rework/repair solenoid coils?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/does-msa-rewirereworkrepair-solenoid-coils/) - MSA’s manufacturing process is geared to produce new product for volume applications used by OEMs. Intricate rework and repair is more costly than manufacturing new product, so it is seldom pursued. - [Can MSA provide solenoids with specific electrical connections?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/can-msa-provide-solenoids-with-specific-electrical-connections/) - MSA reference designs are supplied with either lead-wires or quick-connect terminals. Specific electrical connections can be provided for your application. - [Watt](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/watt/) - A unit of power equal to current (in amperes) multiplied by voltage (in volts). - [Water Ingress Protection](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/water-ingress-protection/) - The IEC uses the term “Ingress Protection” to identify the environmental protection of a device. The IP classification system designates, by means of a number, the degree of protection provided by a device against ingress of dust and water. IP-65 identifies dust tight, no dust ingress, protected against jets of water from any direction. - [Volt](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/volt/) - Is the Standard International (SI) unit of electric potential or electromotive force. Voltage can be expressed as an average value over a given time interval, as an instantaneous value at a specific moment in time, or as an effective or root-mean-square (rms) value. - [Voice Coil Actuator](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/voice-coil-actuator/) - Direct-drive limited motion devices that use a permanent magnetic field and coil winding to produce a force proportional to the current applied to the coil. These Electromagnetic devices are used in linear and rotary motion applications requiring linear force or torque output, and high-acceleration, or high-frequency actuation. - [Temperature](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/temperature/) - Since solenoid output force will continue to improve (though current draw will increase) with ambient temperature decrease, operation of standard designs in an ambient temperature as low as –65°F (–53°C) presents no problem. It is when solenoids will be operated in an ambient environment above 76°F (25°C) that some caution must be taken. If the - [Tape](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/tape/) - Coil wrapping tape is clear Mylar brand polyester film 0.002" thick which has been slit to the desired width and is used to wrap the coil in an overlapping manner. The film is per Mil-I-631 Type G, Form T, Class I, rated for 130°C continuous and meets UL file E-39505. Coil banding tape is Mylar - [Stroke](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/stroke/) - The total movement expected of the solenoid when electrical power is applied. It is also often defined as the air gap between moveable plunger and the fixed-pole piece in the de-energized condition. For greatest efficiency and smallest size, design for the shortest stroke possible. - [Stop/Pole](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/stoppole/) - The stationary component within the solenoid that attracts the moving armature when the coil is energized. - [Stabilized Temperature](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/stabilized-temperature/) - The final stable temperature the coil wire reaches during operation—ambient temperature plus coil heat rise. - [SPOOL-LOCK® Solenoid](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/spool-lock-solenoid/) - Electrohydraulic solenoids engineered to deliver performance and safety in harsh environments. These solenoids are designed to operate in extreme temperatures, sealed to withstand water ingression and submersion (up to IP-X9), resist an 800 lb maximum side load and pass a 96-hour salt spray (fog) corrosion test (ASTM B117). - [Special Power](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/special-power/) - Applications which require different power levels than those available for standard, intermittent or pulse duty cycles. This covers applications at ambient temperature significantly above or below 76°F (25°C), or a desired current drain, below standard value, or a special duty cycle, or other design requirement affecting power. - [Solenoid](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/solenoid/) - A device comprised of a coil of wire, a housing and a moveable plunger (armature). When an electrical current is introduced, a magnetic field forms around the coil which draws the plunger in. A Solenoid essentially converts electrical energy into mechanical force. - [Sleeving](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/sleeving/) - Sleeving used on standard Solenoids to insulate the lead wires where they exit the Solenoid case is black Vinylite per Mil-I-631B, Type F, subform Ua, Grade C, Class 1, Category 1, and meets UL files E13565 and E-18459. Sleeving on high-temperature coils is Teflon for temperatures up to 200°C continuous, and will meet the requirements - [Sleeve Bearing](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/sleeve-bearing/) - The cylindrical bearing in the base of the solenoid which provides a guide for the shaft. Usually made from phosphor bronze, it can be made of other materials for different applications requiring longer life. - [Shaft-Tubular Solenoid](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/shaft-tubular-solenoid/) - The small diameter portion of the plunger assembly of a push-type Tubular solenoid which protrudes through the base or stationary pole face and provides push capability; usually made from #303 stainless steel. - [Service Cycle Life](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/service-cycle-life/) - Standard construction is nominally rated for 1,000,000 cycles. In actual service, cycle life exceeding this figure is constantly being experienced. Periodic cleaning and lubrication will help in extending life. Severe operating conditions—a heavy side load on the plunger, for example, may shorten cycle life. Since many factors other than the solenoid construction itself have this - [Dust/Sand/Dirt](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/dustsanddirt/) - Under normal in-plant ambient conditions, standard designs should perform satisfactorily over expected life. Unusual conditions of airborne contamination may require protective boots to seal off the plunger cavity. Additional protection of exposed surfaces may be required. - [Safety Factor](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/safety-factor/) - The ambient temperature range, voltage fluctuation, return springs and temperature rise all affect the net available output torque or force of a solenoid. A 1.5 safety factor should be applied to preliminary calculations of torque or force. - [Return Springs](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/return-springs/) - Return springs are often used to return the plunger and/or push rod back to its original position. Return springs can be internal or external to the solenoid and custom fit for a customer's unique needs. - [Resistance Tolerance](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/resistance-tolerance/) - Coil resistance tolerances are generally ±5% for heavier gage wires where precision coil windings are used and ±10% for finer gage wire where random winding processes are used. Tolerances are shown for each solenoid in the individual specification charts. - [Resistance](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/resistance/) - Voltage/Wattage (in operation, the coil resistance will increase due to the heating of the coil wire). - [Residual Magnetism](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/residual-magnetism/) - The magnetism which remains in effect on a piece of magnetic material or between two pieces of magnetic material after the electromagnetic field created by the coil has been removed. An air gap is usually maintained between two magnetic poles to minimize the effects of residual magnetism. - [Relative Permeability](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/relative-permeability/) - The ratio of the flux density in a given medium to that which would be produced in a vacuum with the same magnetizing force. Non-magnetic materials, including air, have a relative permeability of 1, while magnetic materials such as iron, have initial relative permeabilities of approximately 2,000. - [Rectifier](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/rectifier/) - An electrical device for transforming alternating current into direct current. - [Random Wound Coil](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/random-wound-coil/) - A coil whose turns are allowed to wind randomly in no specific pattern. One turn may overlap another or may lay side by side or even spiral completely across the surface of the coil. Normally carries a ±10% tolerance on resistance. - [Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/pulse-width-modulation-pwm/) - If a solenoid is controlled by a transistor which is signaled from a microprocessor, the PWM can be considered as an alternate means for reducing sizes or saving energy. PWM reduces the effective voltage by pulsing the voltage input. For example, if a solenoid has 12 volts supplied, but at 500 Hz at a 50% - [Push Force](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/push-force/) - When energized, the push rod extends, pushing the load. A push solenoid is actually a pull solenoid with the addition of a push rod that rides against the internal face of the plunger extending through the fixed-pole piece. - [Pulse Duty](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/pulse-duty/) - An intermittent duty unit with extremely short ON time. A duty cycle is normally in the 10% to 25% range. This is maximum input power for that size solenoid. - [Pull Force](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/pull-force/) - When energized, the plunger retracts, pulling the load. De-energized, the plunger is extended to specified stroke distance. - [Potted Coil](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/potted-coil/) - A common option for extended environmental protection is a potted or encapsulated coil. Potting or over-molding helps in making the coil humidity/splash resistant (in applications where this is common). If more severe conditions exist, further sealing of the coil cavity may be required. - [Stop](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/stop/) - The pole or stop is stationary component within the solenoid that attracts the moving armature when the coil is energized. - [Pole](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/pole/) - The pole or stop is stationary component within the solenoid that attracts the moving armature when the coil is energized. - [Polarity](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/polarity/) - Having two oppositely charged poles, one positive and one negative. Polarity determines the direction in which current tends to flow. - [Plunger](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/plunger/) - The magnetic moving component of a linear solenoid. - [Permeance](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/permeance/) - The ratio of the flux through any given cross section of a given medium (bounded by equipotential surfaces) to the difference in magnetomotive force between the two surfaces. - [Permeability](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/permeability/) - The ratio of flux density in a given medium to the magnetic field intensity. - [Orifice](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/orifice/) - The opening in a valve that media, gas or liquid flows. - [NEMA 4X](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/nema-4x/) - National Electrical Manufacturers Association Type 4X: Enclosures constructed for either indoor or outdoor use to provide a degree of protection to personnel against access to hazardous parts; to provide a degree of protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against ingress of solid foreign objects (windblown dust); to provide a degree of protection with respect - [NEC 505](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/nec-505/) - Mandatory for Gulf of Mexico Class and Zone Rating. Most international markets require recognition under the International Electrotechnical Committee (IEC) Ex scheme - [NEC 500](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/nec-500/) - Electrical safety ratings in the US are governed under the National Electrical Code (NEC). There are two separate classification systems (NEC 500 and NEC 505). The NEC is approved as an American national standard by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). - [Magnet-Schultz of America Frozen Process (MSA-FP)](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/magnet-schultz-of-america-frozen-process-msa-fp/) - MSA-FP will utilize any manufacturing equipment and process, lean assembly cell, and outside service/material supplier necessary to ensure that the precision and integrity of every component; the form, fit and function of every final assembly will meet and exceed our customer’s technical and commercial expectations. - [Magnet-Schultz of America Frozen Design (MSA-FD)](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/magnet-schultz-of-america-frozen-design-msa-fd/) - MSA-FD is specific to the product category and outlines useful and necessary reasons to rework FDs—including obsolescence and government mandates, unexpected cost increases, planned beneficial design changes, and continuous improvements (involving quality, performance and/or cost). - [Magnet Wire](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/magnet-wire/) - 100% copper wire, UL-recognized, single-build insulation rated at 200°C (Class H), meets UL file E-37683 or E-34609. Also meets federal specification J-W-1177/13 or J-W-1177/14. Tubular and Open Frame Solenoids use single-build insulation rated at 130°C. It meets UL file E-34609 or E-37683 and Federal Specification J-W-1177/9. - [Linear Motion](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/linear-motion/) - Motion that takes place in a straight line rather than rotating in place around an axis. - [Lead Wires](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/lead-wires/) - Standard temperature rated coils use PVC insulated stranded lead wire, UL style 1007 rated for 80°C at 300 volts. They also meet CSA type TR-64, 90°C at 600 volts; and MIL-W-16878/2, 105°C at 1000 volts. High temperature coils use Teflon type E, TFE lead wire and meet MIL-W-16878/4A rated at 200°C at 600 volts. - [Layer Precision Wound Coil](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/layer-precision-wound-coil/) - A coil whose individual turns have a prescribed pattern which they must follow during the winding process whereby each turn is laid precisely next to the previous turn. This process allows for the maximum amount of copper in the allotted space. Normally carries a ±5% tolerance on coil resistance. - [Ingression Protection (IP)](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/ingression-protection-ip/) - A two-digit number established by the International Electro Technical Commission, is used to provide an Ingress Protection rating to a piece of electronic equipment or to an enclosure for electronic equipment. The protection class after EN60529 are indicated by short symbols that consist of the two code letters IP and a code numeral for the - [Intermittent Duty](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/intermittent-duty/) - Solenoid ON for only a short time, usually not more than 2 or 3 minutes, then followed by an OFF time which is normally at least as long as the ON time. This ON time and OFF cycling can be repeated continuously over the total life of the solenoid. - [IECEx](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/iecex/) - International Electrotechnical Commission System for certification to standards relating to equipment for use in explosive atmospheres. - [Humidity](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/humidity/) - Coil area is protected and exposed surfaces plated to withstand occasional water splash and normal in-plant ambient humidity conditions. For continuous high humidity exposure or water immersion, special encapsulated or molded coil constructions are available. For extreme environmental conditions, hermetically sealed designs may be required. - [Hold Force](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/hold-force/) - Plunger is pulled in, either electrically or by external force, and contacts the opposite pole piece. With power applied, the plunger remains fixed resisting the external pull or push load. - [Heat Sink](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/heat-sink/) - A passive component that cools the solenoid by transferring heat to the surrounding air. It is important to consider the size of the heat sink when selecting the Solenoid size and applicable wattage. - [Heat Rise](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/heat-rise/) - The stable increase in coil wire temperature during Solenoid operation at rated voltage and duty cycle in designed ambient conditions. Standard units are designed for a 274°F (134°C) maximum rise in a constant 76°F (25°C) ambient environment. - [HAZ-LOC® Coils](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/haz-loc-coils/) - Electrohydraulic solenoid Coils engineered, certified and approved specifically for use in hazardous environments. Designed with an epoxy-filled encapsulation, these coils offer corrosion protection, are resistant to dust and moisture contamination, and are equipped with an internal temperature sensor that limits surface temperature. - [Frozen Process](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/frozen-process/) - FP demands that nothing can change relative to the processes used to manufacture the components that go into each product; nothing can be changed involving the assembly process that is employed to manufacture and test the end product. - [Frozen Design](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/frozen-design/) - FD demands that nothing can change relative to or affect the form, fit or function of the end product. - [Frame](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/frame/) - The outer shell and main component of the solenoid housing. - [Force](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/force/) - The load the solenoid is capable of pulling, pushing, or holding at the start of specified stroke when energized under a specific set of conditions: of voltage, temperature, and duty cycle. The force rapidly increases as the pull or push stroke length decreases. - [Flux](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/flux/) - The physical manifestation of a condition existing in a medium or material subjected to a magnetizing influence. The quantity is characterized by the fact that an electromotive force is induced in a conductor surrounding the flux during any time there is a change in flux magnitude. A unit of flux is a Weber which is - [Flat Pole Face (Short Stroke)](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/flat-pole-face-short-stroke/) - The plunger face (internal end) and face of the fixed pole piece are flat. A flat face construction should be selected for relatively short strokes or where maximum hold forces are required. - [Environmental Protection](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/environmental-protection/) - Standard Solenoids are designed to meet normal environmental and operating conditions encountered in conventional industrial applications: Humidity/Water Splash—Coil area is protected and exposed surfaces plated to withstand occasional water splash and normal in-plant ambient humidity conditions. For continuous high-humidity exposure or water immersion, special encapsulated or molded-coil constructions are available. For extreme environmental conditions, hermetically - [Energized](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/energized/) - The solenoid is energized when current is supplied to the coil. - [Efficiency loss](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/efficiency-loss/) - Natural effects that cause energy output to be less than energy input. While efficiency losses can be minimized with good design, no system is 100% efficient. - [Duty Cycle](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/duty-cycle/) - A comparison of the time a solenoid is energized to the time it is de-energized, expressed as a percentage: Duty Cycle % = [(ON time) / (ON time + OFF time)] x 100. For a given force / stroke requirement the smaller the duty cycle percentage, the smaller the Solenoid. - [DURO-TECH®](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/duro-tech/) - Electromechanical Solenoids engineered to offer operational durability in extreme conditions. These environmentally protected Solenoids are designed to block contamination, offer vibration resistance, and provide corrosion protection in challenging environments. - [Dielectric](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/dielectric/) - The resistance between the coil and the case. Minimum dielectric value is 500 VRMS and ranges up to 1,500 VRMS depending on the solenoid size, type and wire gauge. Dielectric values are shown for each Solenoid in the specifications chart. - [DC](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/dc/) - Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. - [Tubular](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/tubular/) - Tubular or cylindrical solenoids offer “maximum” magnetic efficiency and provides the best force/stroke. - [Cylindrical](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/cylindrical/) - Tubular or cylindrical solenoids offer “maximum” magnetic efficiency and provides the best force/stroke. - [Cycle](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/cycle/) - One complete motion of a solenoid from its resting position to full extension and back. - [Current Draw](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/current-draw/) - Wattage/Voltage (for any given solenoid, at 76°F (25°C). - [Corrosion Protection](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/corrosion-protection/) - Wattage/Voltage (for any given solenoid, at 76°F (25°C). - [Corrosion Protection (ASTM B 117)](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/corrosion-protection-astm-b-117/) - The level of protection from gradual destruction of materials, (usually metals), by chemical reaction with its environment. The salt spray test is a standardized test method used to check corrosion resistance of coated samples—testing procedure and testing parameters are standardized under national and international standards, such as ASTM B 117. These standards describe the necessary - [Continuous Duty](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/continuous-duty/) - Solenoid ON continuously without interruption for periods of about 30 minutes or longer. With no OFF time to allow the coil to cool, continuous duty Solenoids must have coils wound to limit the current drain and must be large enough to provide for adequate heat radiation to prevent coil burn-out. A continuous duty Solenoid will - [Conical Pole Faces (Long-Stroke)](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/conical-pole-faces-long-stroke/) - Plunger face and face of fixed pole piece are matching 60° concave and convex cones. - [Coil Temperature](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/coil-temperature/) - The actual temperature of the magnet wire in the coil winding is the combination of ambient coil temperature plus heating due to current flow through the coil. - [Coil Resistance](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/coil-resistance/) - Resistance values are shown in ohms for each solenoid wire AWG for a temperature of 20°C. - [Coil](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/coil/) - The copper windings on the Solenoid that provide an electrical element through which a current is passed to generate a magnetic field. During the winding process, a precision wound coil follows a prescribed pattern in which each turn is laid precisely beside the previous turn. This allows the maximum amount of copper to be wound - [CEC/CSA](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/ceccsa/) - Canadian safety ratings are regulated by the Canadian Electrical Code (CEC), closely following the US-NEC Standards. - [U-Frame](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/u-frame/) - The C-Frame or U-Frame solenoid is the most cost effective frame shape but is the least magnetically efficient and provides the lowest force/stroke. - [C-Frame](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/c-frame/) - The C-Frame or U-Frame solenoid is the most cost effective frame shape but is the least magnetically efficient and provides the lowest force/stroke. - [Box Frame](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/box-frame/) - The D-Frame or Box Frame solenoid offers “medium” magnetic efficiency and provides mid-range force/stroke. - [D-Frame](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/d-frame/) - The D-Frame or Box Frame solenoid offers “medium” magnetic efficiency and provides mid-range force/stroke. - [Bobbin](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/bobbin/) - A plastic spindle or cylinder component on which the magnet wire is wound. - [B-H Curve](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/b-h-curve/) - The graph of the ratio of flux density to magnetic field intensity. The magnetic field intensity is usually plotted logarithmically. - [Axial Stroke](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/axial-stroke/) - The amount of movement the armature travels lengthwise. - [ATEX](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/atex/) - The ATEX directive consists of two European Union directives describing what equipment and work environment is allowed in an environment with an explosive atmosphere. - [Armature](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/armature/) - The steel rod (plunger) which is the moving element in a solenoid. - [Arc Suppression](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/arc-suppression/) - The application of electronic protection devices across the Solenoid coils to reduce the arc caused by interrupting the current flow through an inductive device such as a Solenoid. - [Ampere Turns](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/ampere-turns/) - The absolute value of magnetic flux determined by the number of copper wire turns in the coil and the magnitude of the current. Permissible temperature rise of the coil limits the magnitude of the power input. Heat makes the coil less efficient because it reduces the ampere turns and hence the flux density and the - [Air Gap](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/air-gap-2/) - The space between the armature and the stop. - [Ambient Temperature](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/air-gap/) - The stable coil-wire temperature with no electrical power to the Solenoid. - [Actuator](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/actuator/) - A mechanical, electrical, or hydraulic device, or their combination, used to effect some predetermined linear, rotary, or oscillating movement. An actuator essentially converts hydraulic or air pressure into mechanical force. Basically, there are two types of actuators: uni-directional and bi-directional. In the uni-directional actuator, the piston moves in a single direction as a result of - [AC](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/ac/) - Alternating current (AC) is an electric current that repeatedly changes its direction or strength, usually at a certain frequency or range of frequencies (50 or 60 Hertz). - [Are 3D solid model files available for download?](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq-items/are-3d-solid-model-files-available-for-download/) - Yes. The MSA web site offers both 2D and 3D CAD files for all reference designs. ## Categories - [Extreme Environmental Condition Solenoid](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/extreme-environmental-condition-solenoid/) - [Specialty Solenoids](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/specialty-solenoids/) - [Theory of Operation](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/theory-of-operation/) - [Electromagnetic Actuators](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/electromagnetic-actuators/) - [Business Standards and Practices](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/business-standards-and-practices/) - [Coil Temperature Control](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/coil-temperature-control/) - [Magnet-Schultz of America](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/magnet-schultz-of-america/) - [Choosing a Solenoid](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/choosing-a-solenoid/) - [Electromagnetic Devices](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/electromagnetic-devices/) - [Customer Service](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/customer-service/) - [Design and Manufacturing Techniques](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/design-and-manufacturing-techniques/) - [Mounting Solenoids](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/mounting-solenoids/) - [Custom Solenoid](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/custom-solenoid/) - [Actuator Tubes](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/actuator-tubes/) - [Partnership](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/partnership/) - [Electrohydraulic Solenoid Coils](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/electrohydraulic-solenoid-coils/) - [Voice Coils](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/voice-coils/) - [Hazardous Location Solenoid Coils](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/hazardous-location-solenoid-coils/) - [Locking Mechanisms](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/locking-mechanisms/) - [High-Force Locking Solenoids](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/high-force-locking-solenoids/) - [Locking Solenoid Assemblies](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/locking-solenoid-assemblies/) - [Ball-Detent Locking Solenoid Assemblies](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/ball-detent-locking-solenoid-assemblies/) - [Ball-Detent Solenoid](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/ball-detent-solenoid/) - [Innovative Collaboration with MSA](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/innovative-collaboration-with-msa/) - [High Performing](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/high-performing/) - [FMEA](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/fmea/) - [Energy Efficient Solenoids](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/energy-efficient-solenoids/) - [Duro-Tech Solenoids](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/duro-tech-solenoids/) - [Compact Locking Solenoids](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/compact-locking-solenoids/) - [Fail-Secure Solenoids](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/fail-secure-solenoids/) - [Scalable Solenoids](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/scalable-solenoids/) - [Fail-Safe Solenoids](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/fail-safe-solenoids/) - [Integrated Locking-Receptacle BDL-Solenoid](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/integrated-locking-receptacle-bdl-solenoid/) - [Independent Locking-Receptacle BDL-Solenoid](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/independent-locking-receptacle-bdl-solenoid/) - [Electromagnetic Linear Actuators](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/electromagnetic-linear-actuators/) - [Continuous Duty Coil](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/continuous-duty-coil/) - [Pulse Duty Coil](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/pulse-duty-coil/) - [Power Control Modules](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/power-control-modules/) - [Intermittent Duty Coil](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/intermittent-duty-coil/) - [Linear Motor](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/linear-motor/) - [Vendor Management](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/vendor-management/) - [Collaborative Innovation](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/collaborative-innovation/) - [Magnetic-Latching Technology](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/magnetic-latching-technology/) - [Installing Solenoids](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/installing-solenoids/) - [Technology](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/technology/) - [Better-Quicker-Thriftier (BQT)](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/better-quicker-thriftier-bqt/) - [The MSA Way](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/the-msa-way/) - [Chicagoland Manufacturers](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/chicagoland-manufacturers/) - [Chicagoland Respirator Consortium](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/chicagoland-respirator-consortium/) - [COVID-19](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/covid-19/) - [Coronavirus](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/coronavirus/) - [COVID-19 Response](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/covid-19-response/) - [Essential Business](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/essential-business/) - [Essential Workers](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/essential-workers/) - [Stewardship Based Leadership](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/stewardship-based-leadership/) - [Ventilator](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/ventilator/) - [Manufacturing](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/manufacturing/) - [Equipment Technology](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/equipment-technology/) - [Winema](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/winema/) - [Precision Machining](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/precision-machining/) - [Manufacturing Capabilities](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/manufacturing-capabilities/) - [Encapsulation](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/encapsulation/) - [Injection Molding](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/injection-molding/) - [Storage Equipment](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/storage-equipment/) - [Training](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/training/) - [Onboarding](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/onboarding/) - [Continuous Improvement](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/continuous-improvement/) - [Quality](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/quality/) - [Continuous Learning](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/continuous-learning/) - [hydraulics](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/hydraulics/) - [hydraulic tubes](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/blog/category/hydraulic-tubes/) ## FAQ Categories - [FAQ](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq_category/faq/) - [Glossary](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq_category/glossary/) - [A](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq_category/a/) - [B](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq_category/b/) - [C](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq_category/c/) - [D](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq_category/d/) - [E](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq_category/e/) - [F](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq_category/f/) - [H](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq_category/h/) - [I](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq_category/i/) - [L](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq_category/l/) - [M](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq_category/m/) - [N](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq_category/n/) - [O](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq_category/o/) - [P](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq_category/p/) - [R](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq_category/r/) - [S](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq_category/s/) - [T](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq_category/t/) - [U](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq_category/u/) - [V](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq_category/v/) - [W](https://magnet-schultzamerica.com/faq_category/w/)